Properties of Matter

Last updated Jun 28, 2023 Edit Source

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• Properties of matter is the key to separate substances
  • Substances with different properties can be separated by physical means
    • Utilising different materials boiling/melting points, solubility, state, size and more can be used to separate mixtures through things like filtration

Definitions:

• Solution → homogenous mixture
• Solvent → what dissolves the solute
• Solute → the substance being dissolved in the solvent
• Residue → a substance that is not dissolved $\space$
• Soluble → substance that can be dissolved
• Precipitate → a solid that forms when two solutions are mixed together $\space$
• Spectator ion → ion in a chemical reaction that does not undergo a chemical change $\space$
• Saturated → concentration of solute is at a maximum
  • No more solute can dissolve
• Unsaturated → concentration is below maximum
  • More solute can dissolve
• Supersaturated → the solute exceeds the maximum that can dissolve
  • A solution can only be supersaturated for a moment before crystals start to form​

• Classification of Matter Flowchart: 600

Classification of Matter

• Element: (e.g. $Ne$, $Cl_2$)
  • The simplest type of substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler made up of atoms with the same number of protons
• Molecule: (e.g. ozone, $HCl\\ _{(g)}$, $Cl_2$)
  • A group of atoms bonded together covalently
• Compound: (e.g. $NaCl\\ _{(s)}$, $HCl\\ _{(g)}$)
  • Atoms of different elements bonded together chemically $\newline$
• Mixtures
  • Contains two or more different substances in proportions that can vary
    • They can be separated by using the individual constituents properties
  • Homogenous: (e.g. $NaOH\\ _{(aq)}$, $HCl\\ _{(aq)}$, air)
    • Have uniform composition throughout
    • Includes all pure substances
  • Heterogenous: (e.g. milk, concrete)
    • Non-uniform, they constituents are physically separated $\newline$
• Pure Substances: (e.g. ozone $(O_3)$, $NaCl\\ _{(s)}$, $HCl\\ _{(g)}$, $Ne$, $Cl_2$)
  • A pure substance has particular physical properties which do not change and cannot be separated by physical means
  • Have constant chemical properties
  • Elements, compounds and molecules are pure substances

• Sieving
  • A porous material is used to separate particles of different sizes
• Filtration
  • Separates an insoluble solid from a mixture
  • The solvent can pass through the filter paper but the solid cannot
  • Scientific Diagram: Filtration
• Decanting
  • Separates particulates from a liquid by allowing the solids to settle as the bottom of the mixture and pouring off the particle-free part of the liquid
  • The liquid left in the solids must be removed later
  • This only works when the components are immiscible
• Separation Funnel (See OneNote for diagram until its updated)
  • Used to separate heterogenous mixture
  • Components will settle into different layers
• Distillation
  • Normal Distillation
    • Scientific Diagram (TBF) Distillation
  • Fractional Distillation
    • Scientific Diagram (TBF)
• Magnetic Susceptibility
• Electrostatic Attraction
• Vaporisation
• Evaporation
  • Separates a solute from a solution
  • Mixture is heated in evaporating basin
    • Solvent is evaporated leaving solid solute
  • High yield of solute
  • Solvent is lost to evaporation
    • Evaporation is used when you don’t need solvent
  • Scientific Diagram: Evaporation
• Crystallisation
  • Separates a solute from a solution
  • Cool, supersaturated solution is heated in evaporating basin
  • Pure crystals form in solvent
  • There is a large loss of solute
    • Why do we use crystallisation over evaporation sometimes?
      • Some compounds are not thermally stable and will react if you use evaporation
      • Crystallisation gives pure solid crystals without impurities like dust
  • Scientific Diagram Crystallisation
• Chromatography
  • Many varying types
  • See the full Chromatography section for more details